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The expansion of large language model context windows to 128K+ tokens has reopened a fundamental architectural question: should AI systems remember through retrieval from external stores or through attention over internally maintained representations? This article investigates three research questions about the comparative performance of retrieval-augmented memory (RAM) and pure attention memor...

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become the dominant paradigm for grounding large language models in external knowledge, yet its runtime retrieval overhead imposes latency and consistency penalties that limit production deployability. Cache-Augmented Generation (CAG) proposes an inversion of this paradigm: preload all relevant documents into the model's key-value (KV) cache before queri...

Context caching has emerged as the primary mechanism for reducing inference costs in large language model (LLM) deployments, yet the economics governing when caching becomes cost-effective remain poorly formalized. This article investigates three research questions addressing (1) how key-value (KV) cache storage costs scale with model architecture and context length, (2) at what request reuse f...

As key-value (KV) cache systems become the dominant memory consumer in production large language model (LLM) inference, the ability to monitor cache behavior and plan capacity proactively determines whether deployments meet service-level objectives (SLOs) or suffer unpredictable degradation. This article investigates three research questions addressing (1) which monitoring metrics most reliably...

As large language model (LLM) inference platforms scale to serve dozens or hundreds of concurrent tenants on shared GPU clusters, the key-value (KV) cache—the dominant consumer of GPU memory—becomes both a performance bottleneck and a security surface. This article investigates cache coherence challenges that arise when multiple tenants share KV-cache state in production LLM serving systems. We...

Large language model inference demands massive key-value (KV) cache storage that frequently exceeds GPU high-bandwidth memory (HBM) capacity, forcing system designers to exploit multi-tier memory hierarchies spanning HBM, host DRAM, and NVMe SSDs. This article investigates three research questions: how bandwidth and latency characteristics of each memory tier constrain KV cache serving throughp...

Efficient large language model (LLM) inference depends critically on how requests are scheduled and batched relative to the key-value (KV) cache state across GPU memory. Traditional scheduling strategies — round-robin, least-loaded, and even continuous batching — treat the KV cache as a passive byproduct of inference rather than an active scheduling constraint. This article investigates three r...