Natural language interaction is central to human-robot collaboration. Humanoid robots operating in indoor environments must process continuous speech, detect wake words at low latency, perform automatic speech recognition (ASR) on-device to avoid cloud latency and privacy concerns, parse intent from variable linguistic input, and respond with synthesised speech — all within power and computatio...
Safe interaction with unstructured environments and direct physical contact with humans requires that humanoid robots move beyond position-stiff control toward compliant, force-aware systems. This article specifies the force control subsystem for the Open Humanoid platform, addressing impedance and admittance control architectures, distributed force-torque sensing at joints and end-effectors, c...
Autonomous navigation in human-shared indoor environments requires a humanoid robot to simultaneously solve geometric path planning, dynamic obstacle avoidance, and social space compliance — a hierarchical problem spanning global route discovery, local collision-free motion, and implicit human comfort modelling. This article presents the navigation subsystem for the Open Humanoid platform, cove...
Dexterous manipulation—the ability to grasp, adjust grip, and rotate objects within the hand—fundamentally distinguishes humanoid robots from industrial arms. This article presents a comprehensive specification for the Open Humanoid hand subsystem, covering the critical trade-offs between degrees of freedom and control complexity, underactuated versus fully-actuated finger architectures, tendon...
Humanoid robots operating in human-shared environments must implement multi-layered safety systems that prevent harm through hardware redundancy, real-time collision detection, and graceful fault isolation strategies. This article presents the safety architecture for the Open Humanoid platform (160–180 cm, ≤80 kg), covering hardware e-stop mechanisms with sub-100 ms response times, software wat...
Autonomous humanoid robots operating in human-shared environments require a multi-layered computer vision stack capable of simultaneously perceiving scene geometry, detecting and classifying objects, and building persistent spatial maps — all within strict real-time latency budgets. This article presents the computer vision subsystem specification for the Open Humanoid platform, covering depth ...
Reliable locomotion and manipulation in a bipedal humanoid robot depend fundamentally on the quality, latency, and fusion of sensory data. This article presents the sensing and perception subsystem specification for the Open Humanoid platform, covering inertial measurement units (IMUs), stereo depth cameras, six-axis force-torque sensors, tactile arrays, and joint encoders. We analyse sensor pl...
Song, Zheng, and Xu (2026) argue that the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm rests on a fundamentally flawed assumption: that high inter-evaluator agreement signals reliable, objective evaluation. Through a large-scale empirical study involving 105,600 evaluation instances (32 LLMs evaluated across 3 frontier judges, 100 tasks, and 11 temperature settings), they introduce "Evaluation Illusion," wherein ju...
We built something. Not a dashboard, not a report, not another data visualization that looks impressive but tells you nothing actionable. We built a ruler. A ruler that measures the same thing — instability — whether you point it at a country, a city, or a neighbourhood. The same 0-to-1 scale. The same formula. The same question: how close is this place to falling apart?
Venezuela's GDP contracted by more than 80 percent between 2013 and 2021 — one of the largest peacetime economic collapses ever recorded. Its political system, meanwhile, had not yet fully collapsed when the economy began its descent. The government survived by concentrating power, suppressing opposition, and externalizing blame. But the sequence is unmistakable: the economy fell first, and pol...